Steel | Composition, Properties, Types, Grades, & Facts | Britannica
2024年11月19日 — steel, alloy of iron and carbon in which the carbon content ranges up to 2 percent (with a higher carbon content, the material is defined as cast iron). By far the most widely used material for building the world’s infrastructure and industries, it is used to fabricate everything from sewing needles to oil tankers.
Steel - Basic Oxygen, Refining, Alloying | Britannica
2024年11月19日 — Steel - Basic Oxygen, Refining, Alloying: More than half the world’s steel is produced in the basic oxygen process (BOP), which uses pure oxygen to convert a charge of liquid blast-furnace iron and scrap into steel.
Steel - Smelting, Alloying, Refining | Britannica
2024年11月19日 — Steel - Smelting, Alloying, Refining: In principle, steelmaking is a melting, purifying, and alloying process carried out at approximately 1,600° C (2,900° F) in molten conditions. Various chemical reactions are initiated, either in sequence or simultaneously, in order to arrive at specified chemical compositions and temperatures.
Stainless steel | Definition, Composition, Types, & Facts - Britannica
2024年10月24日 — stainless steel, any one of a family of alloy steels usually containing 10 to 30 percent chromium. In conjunction with low carbon content, chromium imparts remarkable resistance to corrosion and heat .
Basic oxygen process (BOP) | Britannica
basic oxygen process (BOP), a steelmaking method in which pure oxygen is blown into a bath of molten blast-furnace iron and scrap. The oxygen initiates a series of intensively exothermic (heat-releasing) reactions, including the oxidation of such impurities as …
Steel - Production, Uses, Types | Britannica
2024年11月19日 — Steel - Production, Uses, Types: The steel industry has grown from ancient times, when a few men may have operated, periodically, a small furnace producing 10 kilograms, to the modern integrated iron- and steelworks, with annual steel production of about 1 million tons.
Steel - Bessemer Process, Alloy, Strength | Britannica
2024年11月19日 — This “basic Bessemer” process was little used in Britain and the United States, but it enabled the phosphoric ores of Alsace and Lorraine to be used, and this provided the basis for the development of the Belgian, French, and German steel industries. World production of steel rose to about 50 million tons by 1900. The open hearth
Steel - Open Hearth, Alloy, Manufacturing | Britannica
2024年11月19日 — Steel - Open Hearth, Alloy, Manufacturing: Though it has been almost completely replaced by BOF and EAF steelmaking in many highly industrialized countries, the open hearth nevertheless accounts for about one-sixth of all steel produced worldwide.
Bessemer process | Dates, Definition, & Facts | Britannica
Bessemer process, the first method discovered for mass-producing steel. Though named after Sir Henry Bessemer, the process evolved from the contributions of many investigators before it could be used commercially.
Steel - Electric Arc, Alloy, Refining | Britannica
2024年11月19日 — Steel - Electric Arc, Alloy, Refining: About one-quarter of the world’s steel is produced by the electric-arc method, which uses high-current electric arcs to melt steel scrap and convert it into liquid steel of a specified chemical composition and temperature.