Medications delivered by such a means include fentanyl transmucosal lozenges, sublingual nitroglycerin, and intranasal DDAVP, and have existed with great clinical success for many years.

Objective: To characterize the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic correlation of intranasal and intravenous fentanyl in opioid-naïve patients undergoing third molar extraction. Methods: A double ...