The paper, by Nicholas Strausfeld at University of Arizona in Tucson, Ariz., and colleagues was titled, "Deep Homology of Arthropod Central Complex and Vertebrate Basal Ganglia." ...

"We have now discovered a new group of neurons in the brainstem which receives information directly from the basal ganglia ...

A large number of computational models of information processing in the basal ganglia have been developed in recent years. Prominent in these are actor-critic models ...